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K. K. Mondal and D. Guha Roy

toughjobforIoTArchitecture[1].The“Things-Network”frameworksignifiesafour-

stage design, Sensor Layer, Networking Layer, Service (Blockchain or Cloud) Layer,

and an Interface Layer (applicability programs) [2]. The Sensing Layer incorporates

devices (actuators and sensors) integrated into the physical objects for communica-

tion. The sensor data are transmitted to S3 data storage of cloud through the Layer

of Network. S3 Storage stores information and enables apps to start their processing

the information in order to make human and living being more manageable. Figure1

demonstrates layered IoT-based systems architecture [3]. In general, IoT devices lack

storage, energy (battery life), and computing power. In general, sensor-formed data

is collected in Clouds. Nevertheless, stability, privacy, and data reliability challenges

arise in IoT systems [4, 5]. The transfer of large volumes of information to the Cloud

causes an overload of network sources. Likewise, a malicious Cloud can damage

data protection and privacy [6].

The corresponding IoT systems could be pushed out of operation to an idle sta-

tus [7]. Distributed ledgers (DLs) present an appropriate cloud service alternative

for IoT systems [8]. Instead of collecting information on a primary server, matches

themselves store information. Each match controls a database nearby, although mod-

ifications to the data are done through mutual agreement between the peers [9]. The

model of the information on each match is synchronized at all times. Although a

Fig. 1 Four-layered architecture of Internet-of-Things based working system